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论念书 培根（ 王佐良 译）念书足以怡情，足以博才，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于颓丧幽居之时；其博才也，最见于高睨大谈之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能区别解决细事或逐一判别枝节，然纵不雅统筹、全局筹办，则舍勤学深念念者莫属。念书费时过多易惰，文华藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条规断事乃学究故态。念书补自然之不及，教授又补念书之不及，盖天生才干犹如当然花卉，念书然后知若何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以教授范之，则又硕大无比。有一艺之父老鄙念书，无知者羡念书，唯聪颖之士用念书，然书并不以用处告东说念主，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭不雅察得之。念书时不可存心诘难作家，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻枝摘叶，而应接洽细念念。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只要读其部分者，有只要大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神灌输，好学不倦。书亦可请东说念主代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，不然书经索求犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。念书使东说念主充实，不竭使东说念主机智，条记使东说念主准确。因此不常作条记者须记忆特强，不常不竭者须天生聪敏，不常念书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使东说念主聪颖，读诗使东说念主灵秀，数学使东说念主玉成，科学使东说念主长远，伦理学使东说念主持重，逻辑修辞之学使东说念主善辩：凡有所学，王人成秉性。东说念主之才智但有滞碍，无不可读顺应之书使之顺畅，【论清醒】一如躯壳百病，王人可借符合之清醒除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，缓步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如斯类。如技能不聚合，可令读数学，盖演题须全神灌输，稍有散播即须重演；如不可辨异，可令读经院玄学，盖是辈王人吹毛求疵之东说念主；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读讼师之档册。如斯头脑中凡有残障，王人有特药可医。                                                                   （ 王佐良 译）

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作品原文Of StudiesStudies serve for delight, for ornament①, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition② of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling③ of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth④; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning⑤, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute⑥; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things⑦.Reading makes a full man; conference⑧ a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend⑨. Abeunt studia in mores⑩:Studies pass into the character. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but maybe wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen ; for they are cymini sectores⑪. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt⑫. 

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